![]() Interestingly, 10 of these modules contained our genes of interest (key genes). Further, we used MCODE, a cytoscape plugin, and identified a total of 15 modules/clusters of the primary network. Thereafter, the online STRING version 11.1 program was used to look for any correlations between all these common and/or overlapping DEGs, and the results were visualized using Cytoscape (version 3.8.0). We started with GEO2R/R program (version 3.6.3, 64 bit) to get DEGs by comparing gene expression microarray data from CVD and CKD. Thus, the goal of this study was to use an integrated bioinformatics approach to not only uncover Differentially Expressed Genes (DEGs), their associated functions, and pathways but also give a glimpse of how these two conditions are related at the molecular level. Moreover, patients with severe CKD are often excluded from randomized controlled trials, making evidence-based therapy of comorbidities like CVD complicated. In fact, the risk of dying from CVD is significant when compared to the risk of developing end-stage renal disease (ESRD). 7Department of Hematology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Umm-Al-Qura University, Mecca, Saudi Arabia.6Department of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Rabigh, Saudi Arabia.5Centre for Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine, KING' College London, Guy's Hospital, London, United Kingdom.4Department of Bioscience, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India.3Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arbia. ![]() 2Research and Scientific Unit, College of Nursing and Allied Health Science, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia.1Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India.Mohd Murshad Ahmed 1, Safia Tazyeen 1, Shafiul Haque 2, Ahmad Alsulimani 3, Rafat Ali 4, Mohd Sajad 1, Aftab Alam 1, Shahnawaz Ali 5, Hala Abubaker Bagabir 6, Rania Abubaker Bagabir 7 and Romana Ishrat 1 *
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